Chacarera: Difference between revisions
Add canonical MuGlobe favorite, current-hit and authentic fields to all recording links; preserve existing music and article content |
Research-led South America musical geography and article revision; existing recording sections and native bindings preserved. |
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== Related genres == | == Related genres == | ||
[[Zamba argentina]] | |||
[[Vidala]], [[Baguala]], [[Zamba argentina]] and [[Malambo]] connect different regional song and dance practices. Santiago del Estero has a specific regional selection within the wider northwestern landscape. | |||
=== References and further reading === | === References and further reading === | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
== Hotspot mushrooms == | == Hotspot mushrooms == | ||
Connected regional musical landscapes with smooth falloff and weaker secondary circulation. | |||
The fields express editorial judgments about relative musical affinity and reach, not measured audience shares. Radius is the zero edge of a linear fade; same-genre overlaps combine by maximum. | |||
{| class="wikitable muglobe-hotspots" | {| class="wikitable muglobe-hotspots" | ||
|+ MuGlobe hotspot mushrooms | |+ MuGlobe hotspot mushrooms | ||
! ID !! Location !! Latitude !! Longitude !! Radius (km) !! Strength !! Notes | ! ID !! Location !! Latitude !! Longitude !! Radius (km) !! Strength !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| chacarera-santiago-region || Santiago del Estero and north-central Argentine chacarera landscape || -27.8 || -63.5 || 1100 || 1 || Connects countryside, regional towns and family/peña networks. | | chacarera-santiago-region || Santiago del Estero and north-central Argentine chacarera landscape || -27.8 || -63.5 || 1100.0 || 1.0 || Connects countryside, regional towns and family/peña networks. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| chacarera-argentine-adoption || Wider Argentine chacarera peña and migrant landscape || -33 || -62 || 1500 || 0.75 || Durable adopted social-dance and listening circuits. | | chacarera-argentine-adoption || Wider Argentine chacarera peña and migrant landscape || -33.0 || -62.0 || 1500.0 || 0.75 || Durable adopted social-dance and listening circuits. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| chacarera-southern-bolivia || Southern Bolivian chacarera exchange landscape || -21.3 || -64.7 || 600 || 0.55 || Related regional adoption with local conventions. | | chacarera-southern-bolivia || Southern Bolivian chacarera exchange landscape || -21.3 || -64.7 || 600.0 || 0.55 || Related regional adoption with local conventions. | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 01:33, 23 October 2026
Summary
Chacarera is an Argentine music-and-dance tradition strongly identified with Santiago del Estero, while widely adopted through peñas, festivals and family music-making elsewhere. Guitar, bombo legüero and often violin support singing and a structured couple-dance exchange. The genre joins lyric, rhythm and movement rather than naming one instrumental sound alone. Its social identity includes gatherings in which people can play, sing and dance without a strict boundary between professional artist and participating community. [1]
Contemporary and trending
The tradition continues in local patios, peñas, festivals, schools, recordings and new ensembles. Older songs remain active dance material, while composers extend the repertory and musicians alter instrumentation. A concert version may foreground a singer or violinist, whereas a gathering makes the dancers' knowledge more visible. Santiago del Estero remains a powerful cultural reference even when a performance occurs far away. Contemporary life includes regional language and memory as well as broad national adoption, not simply an annual folkloric display for visitors.
History
The tradition developed through the musical and social life of north-central Argentina, with Santiago communities and their rural–urban exchange especially significant. Migration and the twentieth-century folk revival carried songs and dance knowledge into larger cities and national media. Quichua-related cultural work and regional performers contributed to its public identity without making every chacarera song use one language. Later professional groups and festivals changed scale and sound. The history is best understood as a connected regional practice becoming widely adopted, rather than one famous composer creating the entire genre. [2]
Musical characteristics
Listen for the interplay of guitar strumming and bombo accents, which can make duple and triple groupings feel simultaneously present. Violin or another melodic instrument adds ornament and response. The dance's recurring sequence depends on recognizable phrase lengths and returns, so arrangement and movement are linked. Sung verses can be compact but expressive, and instrumental interludes give the dance another kind of focus. Different variants change structure or accent. The groove's directness does not make it simple in the sense of requiring no learned coordination.
Geography and communities
The map gives a broad Santiago del Estero and neighboring north-central Argentine heartland, with a substantial wider Argentine peña and migrant landscape and a lighter southern Bolivian exchange field. This includes countryside between the cities that dominate recording histories. A dot at Santiago city would miss the regional life that gives the genre its identity. The fields do not imply that all Argentine folk music is chacarera or that every participant uses identical steps. They illustrate connected musical affinity and adopted social use.
Artists
Los Hermanos Ábalos, Los Manseros Santiagueños, Sixto Palavecino, Peteco Carabajal and the wider Carabajal family traditions provide different listening routes. Suni Paz offers a documented interpretation within a broader Argentine repertory. Compare how a singer-guitarist, a violin-led group and a larger stage band handle the same rhythmic foundation. The differences reveal personal and regional choices without making one arrangement the universal model. Community dancers, instrument makers and local hosts also sustain the practice even when their names are absent from an album cover. [3]
Representative performances
These recordings offer listening examples of the genre. Notes identify the performance setting and any adaptation or mixed repertoire.
| Repertoire | Field use | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| traditional | regional | Comprehensive catalogue; recent discovery is prioritized and worthwhile older music remains playable. Preserve specific recording contexts and dates. |
| Artist | Performance / song / title | Embedded player URL | Notes | Repertoire kind | Repertoire date | Recording date | Format | Opening | Places | Fit | Evidence | Review note | MuGlobe favorite | Current hit | Authentic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Los Carabajal | Chacarera del Alma — en vivo | https://www.youtube.com/embed/FRBe5cRFdGU | The Carabajal ensemble performs a named chacarera in a live recording issued by Epsa Music. It offers a direct repertoire example from the Santiago del Estero-associated musical world.[4] Embedded playback is currently unavailable (YouTube code 150); the recording reference is retained. | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | pending | Existing recording | Playback blocked: YouTube embedding error 150 observed 19 October 2026. Legacy unscoped accepted recording retained; migration does not assert new dates or per-country variants. Existing musical notes and native citations are preserved. | false | false | false |
| Soledad | Entre a Mi Pago Sin Golpear — official video | https://www.youtube.com/embed/Auv083oqB3o | The artist’s official release adds a contemporary female-led rendition of Carlos Carabajal and Pablo Raúl Trullenque’s chacarera, complementing the family ensemble’s song.[5] Embedded playback is currently unavailable (YouTube code 150); the recording reference is retained. | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | pending | Existing recording | Playback blocked: YouTube embedding error 150 observed 19 October 2026. Legacy unscoped accepted recording retained; migration does not assert new dates or per-country variants. Existing musical notes and native citations are preserved. | false | false | false |
| Malena Garnica | CHACARERA DEL VIOLÍN - Malena Garnica | SOBREMESA HISPA con Chango Spasiuk, AHYRE, Nati Pastorutti | https://www.youtube.com/embed/ecbEQqoDoFU | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: HISPA. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-10-19; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[6] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: HISPA. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| El Desvío | Ave de Luz. Chacarera... En la peña del ballet esencia del pago!! | https://www.youtube.com/embed/vwA7Et1i_Yk | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: El Desvio. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-09-18; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[7] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: El Desvio. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Peteco Carabajal and credited ensemble | Peteco Carabajal - Soy santiagueño, soy chacarera (En Vivo) | El himno de nuestra identidad | https://www.youtube.com/embed/uHRYIpoZ-ps | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Leyendas del Folclore Santiagueño. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-08-07; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[8] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Leyendas del Folclore Santiagueño. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Riendas Libres | Chacarera y Alegría | https://www.youtube.com/embed/6p1ZIO7QZM8 | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Riendas Libres Oficial. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Distributor release date: 2026-04-01; a reissue date does not establish the original session. Video publication: 2026-04-16; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[9] | traditional | unknown | unknown | audio | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Riendas Libres Oficial. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Distributor release date: 2026-04-01; a reissue date does not establish the original session. | false | false | false |
| Bruno Arias and credited collaborators | Bruno Arias, Jorge Albert, Marcos Acuña y Nino Zapata. Chacareras | https://www.youtube.com/embed/phL69sZxvzw | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Ariel Pavez. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-04-03; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[10] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Ariel Pavez. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Néstor Garnica and Lucía Luque with Trío Criollo and Camerata Luque | Néstor Garnica & Lucía Luque — Verano de Vivaldi (Versión Chacarera) | En vivo | https://www.youtube.com/embed/rxm2yK-h-5k | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Voz Activa Comunicación y Culturas. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Explicit Vivaldi Summer reinterpretation in Chacarera rhythm with Trío Criollo and Camerata Luque. Video publication: 2026-03-19; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[11] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Voz Activa Comunicación y Culturas. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Explicit Vivaldi Summer reinterpretation in Chacarera rhythm with Trío Criollo and Camerata Luque. | false | false | false |
| Peteco Carabajal and credited ensemble | Peteco Carabajal - Chacarera y Alegría - #cosquín 2026 National Folklore Festival #music #musica | https://www.youtube.com/embed/ysMVrJNa1cQ | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: HOSPEDAJE CAFAYATE . Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-02-03; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[12] | traditional | unknown | unknown | live | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: HOSPEDAJE CAFAYATE . Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Peteco Carabajal and credited ensemble | Desde el puente carretero [Peteco Carabajal] 2026 #cosquin Festival Nacional de Folklore | https://www.youtube.com/embed/we0eTgfkkV0 | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: HOSPEDAJE CAFAYATE . Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-02-03; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[13] | traditional | unknown | unknown | live | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: HOSPEDAJE CAFAYATE . Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Tupay featuring Peteco Carabajal | Tupay Ft @PetecoCarabajalOficial - La Chacarera (Video Oficial) | https://www.youtube.com/embed/aCdriojs-OI | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: TUPAY. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-01-31; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[14] | traditional | unknown | unknown | music-video | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: TUPAY. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Malena Garnica | (Itín Session #6) Malena Garnica - Ishkay kaj - Chacarera simple | https://www.youtube.com/embed/wSdCZK4lOac | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Itín Producciones . Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2025-11-13; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[15] | traditional | unknown | unknown | live | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Itín Producciones . Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Néstor Garnica | Néstor Garnica - Chacarera del violín (Teatro Mercedes Sosa 2025) | https://www.youtube.com/embed/A9BTMed4zog | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Gonzalo Soraire. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2025-07-27; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[16] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Gonzalo Soraire. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Orellana Lucca, Jorge Rojas and Dúo Coplanacu | Orellana Lucca, Jorge Rojas y Coplanacu - Mensaje de Chacarera - Peña Orellana Lucca 30/11/24 | https://www.youtube.com/embed/QN7R8QwPIu4 | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Espíritus de mi Tierra. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2024-12-11; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[17] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Espíritus de mi Tierra. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Néstor Garnica | Néstor Garnica - Chacarera del Violín (La Fiesta del Violinero) | https://www.youtube.com/embed/OLBdqq7esKk | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: NESTOR GARNICA OFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2024-10-21; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[18] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: NESTOR GARNICA OFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Néstor Garnica | Néstor Garnica - Chacarera del Violín (versión álbum Coplas del Violinero) | https://www.youtube.com/embed/yjXuMR78Tzw | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: NESTOR GARNICA OFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2024-09-03; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[19] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: NESTOR GARNICA OFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Dúo Coplanacu | La Algarrobera por Dúo Coplanacu - Estudio 1 | https://www.youtube.com/embed/mAtLpswm924 | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Canal Siete. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2021-10-25; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[20] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Canal Siete. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Dúo Coplanacu | La Algarrobera | https://www.youtube.com/embed/DLjn1Vmu57Y | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Duo Coplanacu - Topic. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Distributor release date: 2019-04-05; a reissue date does not establish the original session. Video publication: 2019-04-04; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[21] | traditional | unknown | unknown | audio | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Duo Coplanacu - Topic. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Distributor release date: 2019-04-05; a reissue date does not establish the original session. | false | false | false |
| Cuti and Roberto Carabajal | La Pucha con el Hombre Cuti y Roberto Carabajal | https://www.youtube.com/embed/c48Efy66naY | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: SURMEDIOS. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2018-09-09; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[22] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: SURMEDIOS. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Orellana Lucca | Orellana Lucca - Chacarera del patio [La Santiagueña] | https://www.youtube.com/embed/F4Gs_XgMrkQ | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: La Santiagueña. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2016-01-26; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[23] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: La Santiagueña. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Peteco Carabajal, Raly Barrionuevo and Dúo Coplanacu | Añoranzas. Peteco Carabajal, Raly Barrionuevo y Dúo Coplanacu | https://www.youtube.com/embed/gE3mpngWKaA | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: La magia del Cancionero. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2012-11-15; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[24] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: La magia del Cancionero. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Dúo Coplanacu | Dúo Coplanacu - La flor azul (video oficial) [HQ] | https://www.youtube.com/embed/1_I8jTmErr4 | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: folclorero. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2009-05-25; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[25] | traditional | unknown | unknown | music-video | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: folclorero. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
| Orellana Lucca | Duo Orellana Lucca - Chacarera del Corazón | https://www.youtube.com/embed/kQicOj_PjX0 | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Salamanqueando Folclore. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2007-02-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[26] | traditional | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | supported | Recording/context source | Reviewed Chacarera work/performance in its documented musical context. Source: Salamanqueando Folclore. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. | false | false | false |
Related genres
Vidala, Baguala, Zamba argentina and Malambo connect different regional song and dance practices. Santiago del Estero has a specific regional selection within the wider northwestern landscape.
References and further reading
- ↑ Chacarera — Argentine intangible-cultural-heritage inventory.
- ↑ Día Nacional del Folclorista y el legado de Andrés Chazarreta — Argentina Cultura.
- ↑ Bandera Mía: Songs of Argentina — Suni Paz, Smithsonian Folkways.
- ↑ Los Carabajal — Chacarera del Alma — en vivo. YouTube recording; metadata checked 2026-10-18.
- ↑ Soledad — Entre a Mi Pago Sin Golpear — official video. YouTube recording; metadata checked 2026-10-18.
- ↑ CHACARERA DEL VIOLÍN - Malena Garnica | SOBREMESA HISPA con Chango Spasiuk, AHYRE, Nati Pastorutti.
- ↑ Ave de Luz. Chacarera... En la peña del ballet esencia del pago!! .
- ↑ Peteco Carabajal - Soy santiagueño, soy chacarera (En Vivo) | El himno de nuestra identidad.
- ↑ Chacarera y Alegría.
- ↑ Bruno Arias, Jorge Albert, Marcos Acuña y Nino Zapata. Chacareras.
- ↑ Néstor Garnica & Lucía Luque — Verano de Vivaldi (Versión Chacarera) | En vivo.
- ↑ Peteco Carabajal - Chacarera y Alegría - #cosquín 2026 National Folklore Festival #music #musica.
- ↑ Desde el puente carretero [Peteco Carabajal 2026 #cosquin Festival Nacional de Folklore].
- ↑ Tupay Ft @PetecoCarabajalOficial - La Chacarera (Video Oficial).
- ↑ (Itín Session #6) Malena Garnica - Ishkay kaj - Chacarera simple.
- ↑ Néstor Garnica - Chacarera del violín (Teatro Mercedes Sosa 2025).
- ↑ Orellana Lucca, Jorge Rojas y Coplanacu - Mensaje de Chacarera - Peña Orellana Lucca 30/11/24.
- ↑ Néstor Garnica - Chacarera del Violín (La Fiesta del Violinero).
- ↑ Néstor Garnica - Chacarera del Violín (versión álbum Coplas del Violinero).
- ↑ La Algarrobera por Dúo Coplanacu - Estudio 1.
- ↑ La Algarrobera.
- ↑ La Pucha con el Hombre Cuti y Roberto Carabajal.
- ↑ Orellana Lucca - Chacarera del patio [La Santiagueña].
- ↑ Añoranzas. Peteco Carabajal, Raly Barrionuevo y Dúo Coplanacu.
- ↑ Dúo Coplanacu - La flor azul (video oficial) [HQ].
- ↑ Duo Orellana Lucca - Chacarera del Corazón.
Hotspot mushrooms
Connected regional musical landscapes with smooth falloff and weaker secondary circulation.
The fields express editorial judgments about relative musical affinity and reach, not measured audience shares. Radius is the zero edge of a linear fade; same-genre overlaps combine by maximum.
| ID | Location | Latitude | Longitude | Radius (km) | Strength | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chacarera-santiago-region | Santiago del Estero and north-central Argentine chacarera landscape | -27.8 | -63.5 | 1100.0 | 1.0 | Connects countryside, regional towns and family/peña networks. |
| chacarera-argentine-adoption | Wider Argentine chacarera peña and migrant landscape | -33.0 | -62.0 | 1500.0 | 0.75 | Durable adopted social-dance and listening circuits. |
| chacarera-southern-bolivia | Southern Bolivian chacarera exchange landscape | -21.3 | -64.7 | 600.0 | 0.55 | Related regional adoption with local conventions. |