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Keroncong

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Revision as of 23:12, 19 October 2026 by Edb (talk | contribs) (Expand the comprehensive music catalogue with reviewed distinct performances; prioritize recent discovery, retain good older music and preserve existing prose, recordings and fields.)
Category: Genre

Summary

Keroncong is an Indonesian song and ensemble tradition whose small plucked strings, interlocking accompaniment and expressive vocal delivery create a highly recognizable musical world. Its histories connect colonial port society, local creativity and later national circulation. Portuguese-related instruments are one part of that story, not an explanation that removes Indonesian agency. The category includes differing song types and performance approaches rather than one compulsory tune or rhythm. Its cultural identity lies in cultivated phrasing and ensemble conversation as much as in the familiar sound of ukulele-like instruments. [1]

Contemporary and trending

The music continues through ensembles, community events, broadcasts, recordings and younger reinterpretations. An association with older listeners is historically meaningful but should not become a declaration that the tradition has no present life. Musicians can preserve a familiar texture, revise instrumentation or combine resources with other styles. Debates about such changes reveal an active community of taste. Informal song accompaniment and public stage performance supply different relationships with audiences. A small group can make a well-known song feel newly personal through pacing, ornament and the timing of instrumental responses.

History

Keroncong developed through long and changing contact histories, including Eurasian port communities and local adaptations of plucked-string music. Batavia/Jakarta, central Java and other networks contributed to later forms. Twentieth-century recording, radio and national culture expanded its reach, while composers and singers gave particular songs enduring identities. Regional approaches, including Langgam Jawa, reshaped musical language further. The scholarly history of later decades documents both innovation and disagreement. That is a more useful account than imagining a pristine foreign-derived original followed only by decline or dilution. [1]

Musical characteristics

Listen to complementary plucked patterns rather than hearing accompaniment as a single strum. Cak and cuk create different rhythmic textures; guitar, bass and often pizzicato cello add further relationships. Flute or violin can answer and elaborate the singer's line. A vocal phrase may stretch or ornament while the ensemble maintains its particular motion. Different song types organize harmony and form differently, so one progression does not define everything. The expressive effect comes from coordinated space: a small instrumental reply can make a pause feel purposeful, while repeated accompaniment gives freedom a clear frame.

Geography and communities

Java's western, central and eastern networks form a connected heartland, extending through towns and communities between recording centers. Jakarta's port history and Surakarta's later role remain visible without turning the map into separate urban dots. Softer Sumatran and other adopted reach reflects national familiarity, while not assigning the same intensity to every Indonesian musical landscape. The Folkways guitar overview explicitly places kroncong among widely known forms. These fields depict sustained listening and participation rather than a census of active ensembles or a territorial claim about where the music may belong. [2]

Artists

Gesang, Waldjinah, Kusbini, Mus Mulyadi and Hetty Koes Endang offer different routes through song, interpretation and changing presentation. Ensembles and accompanists deserve attention alongside singers, because the texture depends on their coordinated roles. Gesang's Bengawan Solo supplies a familiar entry without representing the entire repertory. Compare singers' pacing and the shape of instrumental answers rather than judging every recording by proximity to one classic version. Historical and contemporary performances can sustain different emotional and social relationships while remaining legible within the same broad musical family.

Representative performances

These recordings offer listening examples of the genre. Notes identify the performance setting and any adaptation or mixed repertoire.

MuGlobe listening profile
Repertoire Field use Notes
traditional regional Comprehensive catalogue; recent discovery is prioritized and worthwhile older music remains playable. Preserve specific recording contexts and dates.
MuGlobe representative performances
Artist Performance / song / title Embedded player URL Notes Repertoire kind Repertoire date Recording date Format Opening Places Fit Evidence Review note
Sundari Soekotjo Gebyar Keroncong — 1 July 2007 https://www.youtube.com/embed/buzdlEENY0c The singer’s upload preserves a television performance from the named keroncong program; no unsupported individual song title is supplied.[3] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown pending Existing recording Legacy unscoped accepted recording retained; migration does not assert new dates or per-country variants. Existing musical notes and native citations are preserved.
Gesang Bengawan Solo https://www.youtube.com/embed/-J4yNa2w_I0 GNP’s official video identifies Gesang performing his composition in a keroncong arrangement, distinguishing it from the many pop versions of the song.[4] Embedded playback is currently unavailable (YouTube code 150); the recording reference is retained. traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown pending Existing recording Playback blocked: YouTube embedding error 150 observed 19 October 2026. Legacy unscoped accepted recording retained; migration does not assert new dates or per-country variants. Existing musical notes and native citations are preserved.
The Djatis Project Denny Caknan - Cundamani || Jam Session- The Djatis Project. #keroncongmodern #keroncong #latihan https://www.youtube.com/embed/j-MdSee229g Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: The Djatis. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Actual modern keroncong jam; Denny Caknan is the repertoire reference, not the singer in this ensemble performance. Video publication: 2026-09-22; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[5] traditional unknown unknown live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: The Djatis. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Actual modern keroncong jam; Denny Caknan is the repertoire reference, not the singer in this ensemble performance.
Kunto Aji Kunto Aji - Saudade / Keroncong Version (Live from Festival Kebudayaan Yogyakarta 2026) https://www.youtube.com/embed/N2uW40vsp4g Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: PopCult ID. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Specific 2026 keroncong arrangement of contemporary repertoire; performer career alone is not the genre evidence. Video publication: 2026-09-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[6] traditional unknown 2026 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: PopCult ID. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Specific 2026 keroncong arrangement of contemporary repertoire; performer career alone is not the genre evidence.
Iksan Skuter, The Royal Surakarta Symphony Orchestra Iksan Skuter - Jangan Seperti Bapak (Solo Keroncong Festival 2026) https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mljcj5mnqNI Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: IKSAN SKUTER OFFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026-07-18/2026-07-19. Video publication: 2026-08-04; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[7] traditional unknown 2026-07-18/2026-07-19 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: IKSAN SKUTER OFFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026-07-18/2026-07-19.
Iksan Skuter, The Royal Surakarta Symphony Orchestra Iksan Skuter - Bingung (Solo Keroncong Festival 2026) https://www.youtube.com/embed/-iBl9iwzni0 Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: IKSAN SKUTER OFFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026-07-18/2026-07-19. Video publication: 2026-07-28; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[8] traditional unknown 2026-07-18/2026-07-19 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: IKSAN SKUTER OFFICIAL. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026-07-18/2026-07-19.
Iga Mawarni Iga Mawarni - Solo Keroncong Festival 2026 https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xw5W6Xxap1o Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Herdito Tamami. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Video publication: 2026-07-18; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[9] traditional unknown 2026 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Herdito Tamami. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026.
Orkes Keroncong Sastro Djojo Menggok VOLARE | Sastro Djojo Menggok | Live Parade Keroncong Nasional SEPASMA 2026 Madiun https://www.youtube.com/embed/8WHjxBcJq80 Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: SastroDjojoMenggok. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Actual keroncong arrangement of Volare at2026 festival, not original Modugno recording. Video publication: 2026-07-13; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[10] traditional unknown 2026 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: SastroDjojoMenggok. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Actual keroncong arrangement of Volare at2026 festival, not original Modugno recording.
Orkes Keroncong Sastro Djojo Menggok AUTUMN LEAVES | O.K. Sastro Djojo Menggok | Live Parade Keroncong Nasional SEPASMA 2026 https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mrfgu4NpS1o Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: SastroDjojoMenggok. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Specific keroncong arrangement of Autumn Leaves; jazz-standard composition does not make the actual orchestration a jazz performance. Video publication: 2026-07-13; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[11] traditional unknown 2026 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: SastroDjojoMenggok. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2026. Specific keroncong arrangement of Autumn Leaves; jazz-standard composition does not make the actual orchestration a jazz performance.
Kroncong 5G TANJUNG PERAK - WALDJINAH | Keroncong Modern Live Cover by KRONCONG 5G https://www.youtube.com/embed/YQcWKrQvF_o Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Kroncong 5G. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Waldjinah and Didi Kempot are original interpreters cited as references; actual cover is Kroncong5G. Video publication: 2026-05-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[12] traditional unknown unknown live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Kroncong 5G. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Waldjinah and Didi Kempot are original interpreters cited as references; actual cover is Kroncong5G.
Krontjong Toegoe, Rafa Ramaniya Keroncong Kemayoran (Cover) | Nongkrong Ala Krontjong Toegoe https://www.youtube.com/embed/SbCWpSUkSZQ Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Krontjong Toegoe. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2026-03-01; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[13] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Krontjong Toegoe. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Sundari Soekotjo Sundari Soekotjo - Keroncong PESANTREN DAMAI https://www.youtube.com/embed/El83gqCJ2-U Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Al-Zaytun Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2021-10-08; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[14] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Al-Zaytun Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Danis Sugiyanto, Orkes Keroncong Swastika Kr.Senandung Bidari | Cipt. Sapari-Ws Nardi | Danis Sugiyanto | Thongcrongan Swastika https://www.youtube.com/embed/h5eJru8xSYo Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: OK Swastika Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2021-09-23; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[15] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: OK Swastika Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Cemara Rahma Tania Keroncong ibu Pertiwi (VOC Cemara Rahma Tania) https://www.youtube.com/embed/hlHRSELgP6w Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: YM Channel. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2021-02-13; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[16] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: YM Channel. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Paksi Band PAKSI BAND - TANJUNG PERAK | KERONCONG MODERN https://www.youtube.com/embed/DMmQbk9UvSQ Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: PAKSITV. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2020-06-08; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[17] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: PAKSITV. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Kunto Aji, Simphony Kerontjong Moeda Orchestra Rehat Kunto Aji -Keroncong Plesiran 3 https://www.youtube.com/embed/RJ-pCcliMFY Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Plesiran Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2019-12-09; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[18] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Plesiran Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Kunto Aji, Simphony Kerontjong Moeda Orchestra Pilu Membiru Kunto Aji - Keroncong Plesiran 3 https://www.youtube.com/embed/m5XeLdxfSzM Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Plesiran Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2019-12-07; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[19] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Plesiran Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Prasetyo Adhi Tama, Yogyakarta Simphony Orchestra Keroncong Moresko (Waldjinah) - Prasetyo Adhi Tama live at SKM #9 https://www.youtube.com/embed/zzuplUrInjI Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Plesiran Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2019-06-25. Actual soloist Prasetyo Adhi Tama and orchestra, not Waldjinah named as repertoire reference. Video publication: 2019-10-19; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[20] traditional unknown 2019-06-25 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Plesiran Official. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2019-06-25. Actual soloist Prasetyo Adhi Tama and orchestra, not Waldjinah named as repertoire reference.
Orkes Keroncong Rumput Walang Kekek—Orkes Keroncong Rumput https://www.youtube.com/embed/gDGkHfTNEzc Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Rumput. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2016-09-23; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[21] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Rumput. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Keroncong Tujuh Putri, Sundari Soekotjo Keroncong Tujuh Putri feat. Sundari Soekotjo - Lenggang Surabaya https://www.youtube.com/embed/tUctji0CiUM Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Tujuh Putri. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2016-06-11; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[22] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Keroncong Tujuh Putri. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Waldjinah, Sruti Respati, Gema Irama Nusantara Waldjinah feat Sruti Respati Tanjung Perak https://www.youtube.com/embed/u5tjAjZalrY Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Komunitas Keroncong Indonesia. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2015-11-28. Video publication: 2015-12-29; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[23] traditional unknown 2015-11-28 unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Komunitas Keroncong Indonesia. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2015-11-28.
Sundari Soekotjo, Pesona Jiwa Nyidam Sari - Sundari Soekotjo feat. Pesona Jiwa I KEDJORA https://www.youtube.com/embed/bLeQgkhElrg Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: sundari soekotjo. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2015-04-07/2015-04-12. Video publication: 2015-08-28; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[24] traditional unknown 2015-04-07/2015-04-12 unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: sundari soekotjo. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2015-04-07/2015-04-12.
Sundari Soekotjo, Orkes Keroncong Irama Kasih Sundari Soekotjo - "Kr Tanah Airku" (Iringan OK Irama Kasih) https://www.youtube.com/embed/tIGFj1OORLs Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Umar Khatab. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2015-04-09; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[25] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Umar Khatab. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Sundari Soekotjo Sundari Soekotjo - Keroncong Festival Solo 2008 https://www.youtube.com/embed/5uNEcnmBKYg Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Sundari Soekotjo. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2008. Video publication: 2011-11-10; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[26] traditional unknown 2008 live unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Sundari Soekotjo. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Documented performance/session: 2008.
Sundari Soekotjo Keroncong Sepasang Mata Bola - Sundari Soekotjo https://www.youtube.com/embed/hIJ0sj8nL9Q Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Sundari Soekotjo. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2007-09-10; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[27] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: Sundari Soekotjo. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.
Sundari Soekotjo Keroncong Telomoyo - Sundari Soekotjo https://www.youtube.com/embed/PCsa7g1Bp2w Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: menik4. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates. Video publication: 2007-07-24; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 19 October 2026.[28] traditional unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown supported Recording/context source Reviewed Keroncong musical recording. Source: menik4. Video publication is separate from unknown original/session dates.

Related genres

Langgam Jawa, Indonesian popular song, stambul-related repertories and other string traditions share parts of this history. Instrumental resemblance alone does not make every small-string ensemble keroncong. Nor does modernization require abandoning all recognizable conventions. Its continuing appeal lies in the relationship between a flexible voice and a finely articulated accompaniment. A song can travel widely while retaining a locally learned feel. Hearing that rhythmic and expressive conversation offers a stronger introduction than describing the genre simply as Portuguese influence, nostalgic music or a collection of unusually small guitars.

References and further reading

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Dynamics of Keroncong Music in Indonesia,1940s–2000s — Tawarikh.
  2. ↑ Music of Indonesia, Vol.20: Indonesian Guitars — Smithsonian Folkways.
  3. ↑ Sundari Soekotjo — Gebyar Keroncong — 1 July 2007. YouTube recording; metadata checked 2026-10-18.
  4. ↑ Gesang — Bengawan Solo. YouTube recording; metadata checked 2026-10-18.
  5. ↑ Denny Caknan - Cundamani || Jam Session- The Djatis Project. #keroncongmodern #keroncong #latihan.
  6. ↑ Kunto Aji - Saudade / Keroncong Version (Live from Festival Kebudayaan Yogyakarta 2026).
  7. ↑ Iksan Skuter - Jangan Seperti Bapak (Solo Keroncong Festival 2026).
  8. ↑ Iksan Skuter - Bingung (Solo Keroncong Festival 2026).
  9. ↑ Iga Mawarni - Solo Keroncong Festival 2026.
  10. ↑ VOLARE | Sastro Djojo Menggok | Live Parade Keroncong Nasional SEPASMA 2026 Madiun.
  11. ↑ AUTUMN LEAVES | O.K. Sastro Djojo Menggok | Live Parade Keroncong Nasional SEPASMA 2026.
  12. ↑ TANJUNG PERAK - WALDJINAH | Keroncong Modern Live Cover by KRONCONG 5G.
  13. ↑ Keroncong Kemayoran (Cover) | Nongkrong Ala Krontjong Toegoe.
  14. ↑ Sundari Soekotjo - Keroncong PESANTREN DAMAI.
  15. ↑ Kr.Senandung Bidari | Cipt. Sapari-Ws Nardi | Danis Sugiyanto | Thongcrongan Swastika.
  16. ↑ Keroncong ibu Pertiwi (VOC Cemara Rahma Tania).
  17. ↑ PAKSI BAND - TANJUNG PERAK | KERONCONG MODERN.
  18. ↑ Rehat Kunto Aji -Keroncong Plesiran 3.
  19. ↑ Pilu Membiru Kunto Aji - Keroncong Plesiran 3.
  20. ↑ Keroncong Moresko (Waldjinah) - Prasetyo Adhi Tama live at SKM #9.
  21. ↑ Walang Kekek—Orkes Keroncong Rumput.
  22. ↑ Keroncong Tujuh Putri feat. Sundari Soekotjo - Lenggang Surabaya.
  23. ↑ Waldjinah feat Sruti Respati Tanjung Perak.
  24. ↑ Nyidam Sari - Sundari Soekotjo feat. Pesona Jiwa I KEDJORA.
  25. ↑ Sundari Soekotjo - "Kr Tanah Airku" (Iringan OK Irama Kasih).
  26. ↑ Sundari Soekotjo - Keroncong Festival Solo 2008.
  27. ↑ Keroncong Sepasang Mata Bola - Sundari Soekotjo.
  28. ↑ Keroncong Telomoyo - Sundari Soekotjo.

Hotspot mushrooms

Connected Javanese song/ensemble heartland from western port networks through central and eastern communities, with softer national adoption. Broad fields include hinterlands rather than only historically famous singers’ cities.

These fields are editorial illustrations of musical affinity and cultural reach, not listener statistics. Radius marks the zero edge of the fade; overlapping fields of this genre combine by maximum.

MuGlobe hotspot mushrooms
ID Location Latitude Longitude Radius (km) Strength Notes
keroncong-java-west Western Javanese Keroncong landscape -6.6 107.5 850 0.95 Broad community cultural landscape including linked settlements and their hinterland; radius and strength are editorial illustrations rather than audience measurements.
keroncong-java-central Central and eastern Javanese Keroncong landscape -7.3 110.9 950 1 Broad community cultural landscape including linked settlements and their hinterland; radius and strength are editorial illustrations rather than audience measurements.
keroncong-sumatra Sumatran Keroncong listening circuit -1.5 102 1250 0.5 Broad community cultural landscape including linked settlements and their hinterland; radius and strength are editorial illustrations rather than audience measurements.
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