Shoegaze

Summary

Shoegaze makes the electric guitar and the recorded ensemble into an immersive surface. Distortion, modulation, reverberation and layered parts can blur the boundary between melody and texture, while a comparatively restrained voice remains embedded inside the sound. The name began as a journalistic description of performers' stage behavior, but it now points to a broad musical approach and an international history of adoption. A large effects-pedal collection is not the definition: the interaction among arrangement, harmony, pulse and perceived space creates the characteristic experience.

Contemporary and trending

The style continues through newer bands, self-produced recordings, international local scenes and renewed attention to earlier albums. Some musicians recreate familiar guitar textures; others combine them with electronic production, heavier metal-associated sounds or regional pop approaches. Online circulation has expanded access without eliminating local rehearsal and concert cultures. Contemporary shoegaze therefore cannot be represented adequately by the late-1980s British places named in origin stories. Substantial US, Japanese and other adopted worlds deserve their own broad geographic visibility rather than being treated as scattered fans of a finished historical style.

History

Late-1980s and early-1990s British and Irish-associated bands developed influential ways of combining noise, melody and an inward-looking performance style. Earlier work by the Cocteau Twins, the Jesus and Mary Chain and other artists supplied resources without accounting for every later approach. Music journalism grouped bands with real differences under a shared label, then often narrated their displacement by other fashions. That sequence describes a period of media attention rather than the end of the musical practice. Later international scenes developed their own histories from the same possibilities.

Musical characteristics

A guitar chord may swell, bend slightly in pitch or lose its initial attack inside a sustained wash. Bass and drums can provide a clear underlying structure even when upper layers feel indistinct. Vocals often operate as melodic color rather than forceful verbal narration. Some pieces retain straightforward pop forms; others make repeated harmonic movement and changing density central. Listen for which parts remain sharply defined and which merge into the larger texture. The effect depends on careful relationships among layers, not simply adding more distortion to every instrument.

Geography and communities

Britain and Ireland form a connected historical landscape extending beyond London, Oxford or Reading. Adopted North American scenes span regional cities, college towns and local-band networks. Japan has a substantial domestic shoegaze world whose musicians are not merely copying individual British records. These relationships justify broad regional fields with distinct transoceanic separation. The map illustrates sustained creative and listening cultures rather than claiming that every listener inside a field shares the same favorite band. Other emerging scenes can be added through the same landscape-first judgment as research grows.

Artists

My Bloody Valentine's 'Loveless' offers one influential relationship between guitar pitch, texture and song. Slowdive provides a different balance of spaciousness and melodic clarity, while Ride makes a more forward band pulse audible. Lush shows another connection with concise pop writing. Japanese group My Dead Girlfriend offers a route into a later domestic scene. Cocteau Twins is a useful earlier reference, but should not replace the distinct histories of the bands that followed. Comparing records reveals how different arrangements can produce immersion without one compulsory production recipe.

Representative performances

These recordings offer listening examples of the genre. Notes identify the performance setting and any adaptation or mixed repertoire.

MuGlobe listening profile

Repertoire	Field use	Notes
popular	regional	Comprehensive catalogue; recent discovery is prioritized and worthwhile older music remains playable. Preserve specific recording contexts and dates.

MuGlobe representative performances

Artist	Performance / song / title	Embedded player URL	Notes	Repertoire kind	Repertoire date	Recording date	Format	Opening	Places	Fit	Evidence	Review note	MuGlobe favorite	Current hit	Authentic
My Bloody Valentine	Only Shallow — official video	https://www.youtube.com/embed/nwfCoKNI5hs	The band’s restored official video presents the recording from Loveless. Dense, bending guitar layers and the submerged vocal offer a focused shoegaze example.	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	pending	Existing recording	Legacy accepted recording retained during curation-field migration; no new age or geographic claims.	false	false	false
Slowdive	Sugar for the Pill — live on KEXP	https://www.youtube.com/embed/pkvyXgr2hUg	KEXP’s studio performance was recorded October 25, 2017. Its layered guitar atmosphere and blended vocals offer a more spacious shoegaze example alongside My Bloody Valentine’s denser sound.	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	pending	Existing recording	Legacy accepted recording retained during curation-field migration; no new age or geographic claims.	false	false	false
violet oscillation	violet oscillation - veil {official shoegaze music video}	https://www.youtube.com/embed/IAVnypmChJQ	Veil, actual solo project performed, written and recorded by Luca, from the debut EP released 27 August 2026. Oxford UK identity and explicit guitar-heavy shoegaze context confirmed by the artist Bandcamp; mastering engineer and artwork collaborators are not additional musicians. Source: pedal partners. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-08-27; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	music-video	unknown	country:unitedkingdom	supported	Recording/context source	Veil, actual solo project performed, written and recorded by Luca, from the debut EP released 27 August 2026. Oxford UK identity and explicit guitar-heavy shoegaze context confirmed by the artist Bandcamp; mastering engineer and artwork collaborators are not additional musicians. Source: pedal partners. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	【Official MV】Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) -「The Reckoning」From New Album "Remains"	https://www.youtube.com/embed/p12ifatPoPM	The Reckoning from Remains, released April 2026; official video published August. Actual Tokyo group with Hiroshi Sasabuchi drums, Kiyomi Watanabe guitar/vocals and Yoshitaka Sugahara guitar. Shu Kageyama is video director. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-08-04; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	music-video	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	The Reckoning from Remains, released April 2026; official video published August. Actual Tokyo group with Hiroshi Sasabuchi drums, Kiyomi Watanabe guitar/vocals and Yoshitaka Sugahara guitar. Shu Kageyama is video director. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Sungaze	Sungaze - Another Life (Official Music Video)	https://www.youtube.com/embed/SKhq5tjReRU	Another Life from I’m No Longer Afraid of Heights, contemporary dreamgaze and shoegaze-facing album repertoire. Cincinnati identity confirmed by the group Bandcamp. Video publication July 2026 is separate from album release January 2026. Source: Sungaze. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-07-07; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	music-video	unknown	country:unitedstates	supported	Recording/context source	Another Life from I’m No Longer Afraid of Heights, contemporary dreamgaze and shoegaze-facing album repertoire. Cincinnati identity confirmed by the group Bandcamp. Video publication July 2026 is separate from album release January 2026. Source: Sungaze. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Distressor	Distressor - Further From Home (Official Music Video)	https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Wn3EiA4tjw	Further From Home, actual Los Angeles and San Diego band’s primary 2026 heavy-shoegaze single. The video names audio engineers and director separately from the band. Source: Distressor. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-07-30; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	music-video	unknown	country:unitedstates	supported	Recording/context source	Further From Home, actual Los Angeles and San Diego band’s primary 2026 heavy-shoegaze single. The video names audio engineers and director separately from the band. Source: Distressor. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Slowdive	Slowdive - Full Performance (Live on KEXP)	https://www.youtube.com/embed/gwgq-IWtcPE	Four-work KEXP studio set recorded 25 October 2017: Slomo, Star Roving, Crazy For You and Sugar for the Pill. Whole set counts once; no individual excerpts from this session selected. Actual British group, host Cheryl Waters is not singer. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2018-02-05; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	2017-10-25	live	unknown	country:unitedkingdom	supported	Recording/context source	Four-work KEXP studio set recorded 25 October 2017: Slomo, Star Roving, Crazy For You and Sugar for the Pill. Whole set counts once; no individual excerpts from this session selected. Actual British group, host Cheryl Waters is not singer. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Slowdive	Slowdive: KCRW Live from HQ	https://www.youtube.com/embed/qpX_1SIynO4	KCRW five-work session comprising Kisses, Slomo, Alison, Sugar for the Pill and When the Sun Hits. Distinct actual broadcast session from KEXP; no same-session cuts selected. British group identity retained rather than treating California studio location as American origin. Source: KCRW. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2023-12-21; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	live	unknown	country:unitedkingdom	supported	Recording/context source	KCRW five-work session comprising Kisses, Slomo, Alison, Sugar for the Pill and When the Sun Hits. Distinct actual broadcast session from KEXP; no same-session cuts selected. British group identity retained rather than treating California studio location as American origin. Source: KCRW. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
DIIV	DIIV - Full Performance (Live on KEXP)	https://www.youtube.com/embed/OlsfSjXVHF0?start=64	Four-work KEXP session recorded 11 June 2024, actual Smith vocals/guitar, Bailey guitar, Caulfield bass/vocals and Newman drums. In Amber, Somber the Drums, Raining on Your Pillow and Blankenship; no same-session excerpt selected. Music starts at 64 seconds. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2024-08-30; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	2024-06-11	live	unknown	country:unitedstates	supported	Recording/context source	Four-work KEXP session recorded 11 June 2024, actual Smith vocals/guitar, Bailey guitar, Caulfield bass/vocals and Newman drums. In Amber, Somber the Drums, Raining on Your Pillow and Blankenship; no same-session excerpt selected. Music starts at 64 seconds. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	Remains	https://www.youtube.com/embed/55rlnphQJm8	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-04-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	audio	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	Wisteria	https://www.youtube.com/embed/8g9n1Ep49vQ	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-04-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	audio	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	Pulse	https://www.youtube.com/embed/LvjeOX1oiqA	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-04-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	audio	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	Vega	https://www.youtube.com/embed/KoOHU0TxjEg	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-04-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	audio	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	New Dawn	https://www.youtube.com/embed/I_p7S9yY4z8	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-04-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	audio	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	Haze	https://www.youtube.com/embed/xharkM4R8jY	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-04-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	audio	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Distinct complete tracks from Remains, released 22 April 2026 through HigherHell and ULTRA-VYBE: Remains, Wisteria, Pulse, Vega, New Dawn and Haze. Actual Japanese group; lyricist Kyoko Sahara is a writing credit, not an asserted additional vocalist. No full album parent or duplicate music-video master of these works selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	【Official MV】Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) - 「Missing」From New Album "Remains"	https://www.youtube.com/embed/CM7n3tdo_BU	Missing, official music video from the 2026 Remains album, distinct work from The Reckoning and selected audio tracks. Video director Shu Kageyama is not an additional musician. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-05-13; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	music-video	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Missing, official music video from the 2026 Remains album, distinct work from The Reckoning and selected audio tracks. Video director Shu Kageyama is not an additional musician. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Tokyo Shoegazer	【Official Video】Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) - Constellations (From 月世界遊泳(Moonworld Playground))	https://www.youtube.com/embed/e54WJbp4qFc	Constellations, primary video from the 2022 Moonworld Playground album. Good older performance retained; Hirono Yamada is video director, separate from actual group. No alternate same master selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2022-05-26; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	music-video	unknown	country:japan	supported	Recording/context source	Constellations, primary video from the 2022 Moonworld Playground album. Good older performance retained; Hirono Yamada is video director, separate from actual group. No alternate same master selected. Source: Tokyo Shoegazer(東京酒吐座) Official. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
NOTHING	NOTHING - Full Performance (Live on KEXP)	https://www.youtube.com/embed/mFkvRwmVFag?start=46	Five-work contemporary KEXP session recorded 23 March 2026: cannibal world, a short history of decay, purple strings, Famine Asylum and toothless coal. Actual Palermo, Martin and Cam Smith vocals/guitars, Bobb Bruno bass and Zachary Jones drums; no individual KEXP cut also selected. Music start46 seconds. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-05-22; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	2026-03-23	live	unknown	country:unitedstates	supported	Recording/context source	Five-work contemporary KEXP session recorded 23 March 2026: cannibal world, a short history of decay, purple strings, Famine Asylum and toothless coal. Actual Palermo, Martin and Cam Smith vocals/guitars, Bobb Bruno bass and Zachary Jones drums; no individual KEXP cut also selected. Music start46 seconds. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Ride	Ride - Vapour Trail (Live on KEXP)	https://www.youtube.com/embed/9bVS9j8NoZ0	Vapour Trail, actual British group playing its signature shoegaze work at KEXP on 24 September 2017. A focused single performance, not paired with a full parent session; production crew not displayed as musicians. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2017-12-24; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	2017-09-24	live	unknown	country:unitedkingdom	supported	Recording/context source	Vapour Trail, actual British group playing its signature shoegaze work at KEXP on 24 September 2017. A focused single performance, not paired with a full parent session; production crew not displayed as musicians. Source: KEXP. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Slowdive	Slowdive at Outbreak Festival Manchester 2025	https://www.youtube.com/embed/UmcgH1NY2G8	Actual Outbreak Festival Manchester concert on 14 June 2025, professionally published August 2026 by the festival. Whole coherent music programme counts once; no same-event excerpt selected. Event year is not the later publication year. Source: Outbreak®. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-08-11; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	2025-06-14	live	unknown	country:unitedkingdom	supported	Recording/context source	Actual Outbreak Festival Manchester concert on 14 June 2025, professionally published August 2026 by the festival. Whole coherent music programme counts once; no same-event excerpt selected. Event year is not the later publication year. Source: Outbreak®. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false
Slowdive	Slowdive - 95bFM Live Session	https://www.youtube.com/embed/0pxua8NXwc4	Actual 95bFM session filmed at Roundhead Studios, separately recorded from KEXP and KCRW. Whole short musical programme counts once, no same-session cut selected; actual British group retains origin, New Zealand broadcast location not relabelled as national artist origin. Source: 95bFM. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2023-11-22; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.	popular	unknown	unknown	live	unknown	country:unitedkingdom	supported	Recording/context source	Actual 95bFM session filmed at Roundhead Studios, separately recorded from KEXP and KCRW. Whole short musical programme counts once, no same-session cut selected; actual British group retains origin, New Zealand broadcast location not relabelled as national artist origin. Source: 95bFM. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained.	false	false	false

Related genres

Dream pop overlaps through atmosphere and melodic texture but need not use shoegaze's guitar density. Indie rock supplies important networks, while Psychedelic rock offers an earlier history of transformed perception. Post-rock and some heavier styles share sustained surfaces through different compositional priorities. These categories can overlap in one recording; the distinctions help a listener identify what each arrangement emphasizes rather than police a fixed border.

References and further reading

• Sound on Sound interview, July 1989 — archived by Cocteau Twins

Hotspot mushrooms

A broad British/Irish historical landscape and substantial adopted North American and Japanese worlds best explain shoegaze. Fields include towns and musical networks between familiar origin cities rather than keeping the genre confined to a list of 1990s studios.

These fields are editorial illustrations of musical affinity and cultural reach, not listener statistics. Radius marks the zero edge of the fade; overlapping fields of this genre combine by maximum.

MuGlobe hotspot mushrooms

ID	Location	Latitude	Longitude	Radius (km)	Strength	Notes
shoegaze-britain-ireland	British and Irish shoegaze landscapes	54	-3	1150	1	Connected regional band and listening cultures extend beyond the most documented southern English centers.
shoegaze-north-america-east	Eastern North American adopted shoegaze circuits	41	-79	1800	0.74	Substantial local scenes and audiences form a broader adopted landscape.
shoegaze-north-america-west	Pacific North American shoegaze circuits	39	-122	1500	0.72	A meaningful separate western musical network.
shoegaze-japan	Japanese shoegaze landscapes	36	137	1300	0.85	Domestic musicianship and regional adoption justify coverage beyond Tokyo.