View source for Tambor de crioula

== Summary ==
Tambor de crioula is an Afro-Maranhense practice combining a three-drum texture, responsive toadas and the circular dance of coreiras. It can express devotion, gratitude, leisure and community belonging within the same event. São Benedito is a prominent devotional reference, but not every roda has one identical religious purpose. The punga, a bodily greeting and invitation within the dance, helps make exchange visible. This is a musical and social world sustained by practitioners, rather than merely a set of rhythms available for extraction into other arrangements. <ref name="new-tambor-iphan">[https://bcr.iphan.gov.br/bens-culturais/tambor-de-crioula-do-maranhao/ Tambor de crioula do Maranhão — Iphan Bem Brasileiro].</ref>

== Contemporary and trending ==
Rodas take place in neighbourhoods, public spaces, celebrations and organised cultural presentations. Family transmission and the authority of experienced coreiras and drummers coexist with teaching and heritage initiatives. Its recognition as cultural heritage has helped create public visibility, but daily continuity still depends on people providing space, instruments and time. A visitor’s short performance and an extended community gathering reveal different aspects. Contemporary practice should not be mistaken for an unchanged colonial scene; costume, organisation and performance opportunities have evolved while shared references continue. <ref name="new-tambor-revalidation">[https://www.gov.br/iphan/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/tambor-de-crioula-frevo-e-oficio-das-paneleiras-de-goiabeiras-sao-revalidados-como-patrimonio-cultural-do-brasil Tambor de Crioula, Frevo e Ofício das Paneleiras de Goiabeiras são revalidados — Iphan].</ref>

== History ==
The tradition developed through the history of African-descended people in Maranhão, including enslavement, work, religious life and community formation. Precise origin narratives vary, but the connection to Black cultural organisation is fundamental. Rural communities and migration to São Luís helped create today’s broad network. Twentieth-century scholarship and cultural presentation made selected forms more visible to outsiders. Recognition in 2007 and later safeguarding work supplied another institutional frame. These public histories sit alongside a much longer process of learning through participation, maintaining drums and passing songs between generations.

== Musical characteristics ==
Differently sized drums establish complementary low, middle and high functions. The lead drum’s articulation converses with the dancer, while repeated patterns and singing sustain the roda. Toada texts may praise, joke, challenge or mark departure. A lead singer and chorus can reshape the same material through phrasing and response. Coreiras’ skirts, turns and punga create an expressive bodily layer, not simply an illustration added after the music. Listening for the changing relationship between drum accents and a dancer’s approach reveals more than identifying a time signature.

== Geography and communities ==
São Luís, Alcântara, the Baixada and connected Maranhão communities belong to a broad shared landscape. The practice is documented well beyond three tourist-visible sites, so the map uses a strong northern/state heartland with a lighter interior continuation. Rural Black communities and routes of family movement are included in that interpretation. It avoids both isolated municipal bubbles and a uniform national Brazilian overlay. Other cities can host adopted groups, but a tour or cultural festival alone does not establish an equivalent regional density of practitioners and everyday recognition.

== Artists ==
Coreiras, drummers and group leaders are appropriate artist references because the tradition is collectively made. Mestre Felipe, Mestre Apolônio and Mestre Leonardo are useful historical listening gateways within a larger field of local authorities. Groups should be approached through their own names, neighbourhoods and credits rather than reduced to backing musicians for a visiting singer. Women’s dance expertise is a central musical knowledge, not an ornamental role. Compare more than one roda, noting the different voices, drum relationships and ways the participants invite one another into the circle.

== Representative performances ==
These recordings offer listening examples of the genre. Notes identify the performance setting and any adaptation or mixed repertoire.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ MuGlobe listening profile
! Repertoire !! Field use !! Notes
|-
| traditional || regional || Comprehensive catalogue; recent discovery is prioritized and worthwhile older music remains playable. Preserve specific recording contexts and dates.
|}

{| class="wikitable muglobe-performances"
|+ MuGlobe representative performances
! Artist !! Performance / song / title !! Embedded player URL !! Notes !! Repertoire kind !! Repertoire date !! Recording date !! Format !! Opening !! Places !! Fit !! Evidence !! Review note !! MuGlobe favorite !! Current hit !! Authentic
|-
| Tambor de Mestre Felipe || Conexão Cultural 4 || https://www.youtube.com/embed/vDECMx6EFDI || The group’s own Maranhão cultural-program publication provides an extended tambor de crioula presentation with community attribution.<ref name="performance-tambor-de-crioula-1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDECMx6EFDI Tambor de Mestre Felipe — Conexão Cultural 4]. YouTube recording; metadata checked 2026-10-18.</ref> || unknown || unknown || unknown || unknown || unknown || unknown || pending || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDECMx6EFDI Existing recording] || Legacy accepted recording retained during curation-field migration; no new age or geographic claims. || <muglobe-flag video="vDECMx6EFDI" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="vDECMx6EFDI" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="vDECMx6EFDI" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral || OcupaMinC Maranhão — São Luís 2016 || https://www.youtube.com/embed/MVXPvgsx4h4 || A documented public performance by a second named group shows the practice in a civic gathering rather than treating it only as stage folklore.<ref name="performance-tambor-de-crioula-2">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVXPvgsx4h4 Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral — OcupaMinC Maranhão — São Luís 2016]. YouTube recording; metadata checked 2026-10-18.</ref> || unknown || unknown || unknown || unknown || unknown || unknown || pending || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MVXPvgsx4h4 Existing recording] || Legacy accepted recording retained during curation-field migration; no new age or geographic claims. || <muglobe-flag video="MVXPvgsx4h4" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="MVXPvgsx4h4" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="MVXPvgsx4h4" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Maracrioula || São João do Maranhão 2026 - Arraial do IPEM (TC - Maracrioula) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/gQexwKcNse4 || Focused IPEM São João 2026 group programme published by GovernoMA. Actual Tambor de crioula ensemble, not the entire mixed festival night. Extended programme counted once. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-13; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQexwKcNse4 São João do Maranhão 2026 - Arraial do IPEM (TC - Maracrioula)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQexwKcNse4 Recording/context source] || Focused IPEM São João 2026 group programme published by GovernoMA. Actual Tambor de crioula ensemble, not the entire mixed festival night. Extended programme counted once. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="gQexwKcNse4" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="gQexwKcNse4" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="gQexwKcNse4" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Mestre Felipe || Maranhão de Reencontros 2026 (Tambor de Crioula Mestre Felipe) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/ux_4UMSKpZg || Maranhão de Reencontros 2026; primary government group performance. Group name retained, without assuming historical Mestre Felipe is a current singer. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-05-17; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ux_4UMSKpZg Maranhão de Reencontros 2026 (Tambor de Crioula Mestre Felipe)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ux_4UMSKpZg Recording/context source] || Maranhão de Reencontros 2026; primary government group performance. Group name retained, without assuming historical Mestre Felipe is a current singer. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="ux_4UMSKpZg" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="ux_4UMSKpZg" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="ux_4UMSKpZg" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Toque dos Bandeirantes || São João do Maranhão 2026 - Arraial do IPEM (TC Toque dos Bandeirantes) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/X9fLQnvsSR0 || Primary GovernoMA focused IPEM São João 2026 presentation by the named group. No same-night wholefestival parent imported. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-07; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9fLQnvsSR0 São João do Maranhão 2026 - Arraial do IPEM (TC Toque dos Bandeirantes)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9fLQnvsSR0 Recording/context source] || Primary GovernoMA focused IPEM São João 2026 presentation by the named group. No same-night wholefestival parent imported. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="X9fLQnvsSR0" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="X9fLQnvsSR0" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="X9fLQnvsSR0" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Catarina Mina || São João in Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Fair (TC - Catarina Mina) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/F50c6TcAHAk || Primary GovernoMA named IPEM São João 2026 group programme. Ensemble credited collectively rather than guessing individual singers. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-12; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F50c6TcAHAk São João in Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Fair (TC - Catarina Mina)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F50c6TcAHAk Recording/context source] || Primary GovernoMA named IPEM São João 2026 group programme. Ensemble credited collectively rather than guessing individual singers. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="F50c6TcAHAk" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="F50c6TcAHAk" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="F50c6TcAHAk" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Crioula Lírio de São Benedito Maria da Paz || São João do Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Festival Grounds (TC - Lírio de São Benedito Maria da Paz) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/pvQ4LH3MPIc || Primary GovernoMA exact group title and 2026 São João performance. Programme counted once, without duplicate cuts. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-27; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvQ4LH3MPIc São João do Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Festival Grounds (TC - Lírio de São Benedito Maria da Paz)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvQ4LH3MPIc Recording/context source] || Primary GovernoMA exact group title and 2026 São João performance. Programme counted once, without duplicate cuts. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="pvQ4LH3MPIc" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="pvQ4LH3MPIc" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="pvQ4LH3MPIc" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Crioulas e Crioulos || São João do Maranhão 2026 - Arraial do IPEM ( TC - Crioulas e Crioulos ) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/j0VlxGbcPHE || Primary government IPEM 2026 group performance. Actual responsive voice/drum community presentation, not a lesson or heritage documentary. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-20; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0VlxGbcPHE São João do Maranhão 2026 - Arraial do IPEM ( TC - Crioulas e Crioulos )].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0VlxGbcPHE Recording/context source] || Primary government IPEM 2026 group performance. Actual responsive voice/drum community presentation, not a lesson or heritage documentary. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="j0VlxGbcPHE" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="j0VlxGbcPHE" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="j0VlxGbcPHE" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Brilho da União de São Bento || São João of Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Festival Grounds (TC - Brilho da União de São Bento) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/DMXCy8DMp4w || Primary GovernoMA identifies São Bento group and 2026 IPEM presentation. Other generic Brilho da União upload held pending exact group/master identity. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-26; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMXCy8DMp4w São João of Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Festival Grounds (TC - Brilho da União de São Bento)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMXCy8DMp4w Recording/context source] || Primary GovernoMA identifies São Bento group and 2026 IPEM presentation. Other generic Brilho da União upload held pending exact group/master identity. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="DMXCy8DMp4w" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="DMXCy8DMp4w" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="DMXCy8DMp4w" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Santa Bárbara || São João Festival of Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Arraial (TC - Santa Bárbara) || https://www.youtube.com/embed/UlVoQZwlgYg || Primary GovernoMA focused IPEM São João 2026 performance, not multi-genre municipal all-night stream. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-06-19; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlVoQZwlgYg São João Festival of Maranhão 2026 - IPEM Arraial (TC - Santa Bárbara)].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2026 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlVoQZwlgYg Recording/context source] || Primary GovernoMA focused IPEM São João 2026 performance, not multi-genre municipal all-night stream. Source: GovernoMA. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="UlVoQZwlgYg" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="UlVoQZwlgYg" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="UlVoQZwlgYg" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Pungar da Ilha || Pátio Aberto 2025 - Apresentação Tambor de Crioula Pungar da Ilha || https://www.youtube.com/embed/k3QSbczFUZM || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto 2025 group presentation, published May2026. Performance year follows programme identification rather than upload year. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-05-15; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3QSbczFUZM Pátio Aberto 2025 - Apresentação Tambor de Crioula Pungar da Ilha].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2025 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3QSbczFUZM Recording/context source] || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto 2025 group presentation, published May2026. Performance year follows programme identification rather than upload year. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="k3QSbczFUZM" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="k3QSbczFUZM" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="k3QSbczFUZM" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Crioula dos Onças || VIRADINHA AFRO CULTURAL 2025: TAMBOR DE CRIOULA DOS ONÇAS || https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ql4RSykaBB8 || Primary Instituto Ylúguerê Viradinha Afro Cultural 2025 performance, published2026. Caption explicitly identifies interpreter; production, camera, Libras and audio-description staff are separate roles. Source: Instituto Ylúguerê. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-02-01; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ql4RSykaBB8 VIRADINHA AFRO CULTURAL 2025: TAMBOR DE CRIOULA DOS ONÇAS].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2025 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ql4RSykaBB8 Recording/context source] || Primary Instituto Ylúguerê Viradinha Afro Cultural 2025 performance, published2026. Caption explicitly identifies interpreter; production, camera, Libras and audio-description staff are separate roles. Source: Instituto Ylúguerê. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="Ql4RSykaBB8" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="Ql4RSykaBB8" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="Ql4RSykaBB8" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Mestre Felipe || Tambor de crioula de Mestre Felipe brinca no arraial do Ipem - São Luís do Maranhão || https://www.youtube.com/embed/d4FaTo7e10I || Recorder explicitly dates IPEM São Luís performance21June2025. Distinct gathering from2026 Reencontros programme, not an extra master of the same show. Source: Dulce Ferreira Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2025-06-22; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4FaTo7e10I Tambor de crioula de Mestre Felipe brinca no arraial do Ipem - São Luís do Maranhão].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2025-06-21 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4FaTo7e10I Recording/context source] || Recorder explicitly dates IPEM São Luís performance21June2025. Distinct gathering from2026 Reencontros programme, not an extra master of the same show. Source: Dulce Ferreira Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="d4FaTo7e10I" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="d4FaTo7e10I" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="d4FaTo7e10I" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Crioula Unidos de São Benedito || Pátio Aberto 2023 - Apresentação Tambor de Crioula Unidos de São Benedito || https://www.youtube.com/embed/VOpvclVVVAo || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto 2023 presentation from Capricho Bom Jesus association. March2024 publication separated from identified2023 programme. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2024-03-05; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOpvclVVVAo Pátio Aberto 2023 - Apresentação Tambor de Crioula Unidos de São Benedito].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2023 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOpvclVVVAo Recording/context source] || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto 2023 presentation from Capricho Bom Jesus association. March2024 publication separated from identified2023 programme. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="VOpvclVVVAo" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="VOpvclVVVAo" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="VOpvclVVVAo" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Crioula Raízes Africanas || Pátio Aberto 2022 -  Tambor de Crioula Raízes Africanas || https://www.youtube.com/embed/XmQdMI7YPGo || Primary CCVM identifies Central do Maranhão community association. Programme title2022 versus description2023 are retained without forcing a falsely exact recording date. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2023-08-08; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmQdMI7YPGo Pátio Aberto 2022 -  Tambor de Crioula Raízes Africanas].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmQdMI7YPGo Recording/context source] || Primary CCVM identifies Central do Maranhão community association. Programme title2022 versus description2023 are retained without forcing a falsely exact recording date. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="XmQdMI7YPGo" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="XmQdMI7YPGo" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="XmQdMI7YPGo" field="authentic" />
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| Grupo Folclórico e Cultural Tambor de Crioula São Francisco || Pátio Aberto 2020 - Grupo Folclórico e Cultural Tambor de Crioula São Francisco || https://www.youtube.com/embed/_CklG8ZgWYQ || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto2020 presentation identifies actual Bacabal group and its devotional foundation.2021 upload separated from programme year; no presumed fixed historical lineup. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2021-03-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CklG8ZgWYQ Pátio Aberto 2020 - Grupo Folclórico e Cultural Tambor de Crioula São Francisco].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2020 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CklG8ZgWYQ Recording/context source] || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto2020 presentation identifies actual Bacabal group and its devotional foundation.2021 upload separated from programme year; no presumed fixed historical lineup. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="_CklG8ZgWYQ" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="_CklG8ZgWYQ" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="_CklG8ZgWYQ" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral || Pátio Aberto 2022 - No toque do Tambor de Mestre Amaral || https://www.youtube.com/embed/CqSNDYgwhuA || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto2022 named group musical presentation. Distinct concert context from older São Luís roda recordings. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2023-03-30; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqSNDYgwhuA Pátio Aberto 2022 - No toque do Tambor de Mestre Amaral].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2022 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqSNDYgwhuA Recording/context source] || Primary CCVM Pátio Aberto2022 named group musical presentation. Distinct concert context from older São Luís roda recordings. Source: Centro Cultural Vale Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="CqSNDYgwhuA" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="CqSNDYgwhuA" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="CqSNDYgwhuA" field="authentic" />
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| Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral || Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral -- São Luís Maranhão || https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZG3g9V8eBlE || Original recorder explicitly dates São Luís roda26March2015. Good older community performance retained alongside current programmes. Source: Verônica Alves. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2015-09-23; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG3g9V8eBlE Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral -- São Luís Maranhão].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2015-03-26 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG3g9V8eBlE Recording/context source] || Original recorder explicitly dates São Luís roda26March2015. Good older community performance retained alongside current programmes. Source: Verônica Alves. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="ZG3g9V8eBlE" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="ZG3g9V8eBlE" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="ZG3g9V8eBlE" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral || Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral || https://www.youtube.com/embed/rh5-kFo-XMM || Source explicitly identifies opening toada Eu Vou Levantar Bandeira at MestreAmaral centre1July2015. Complete named toada, distinct from26March recording. Source: Thyago Bezerra. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2015-07-08; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh5-kFo-XMM Tambor de Crioula do Mestre Amaral].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2015-07-01 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh5-kFo-XMM Recording/context source] || Source explicitly identifies opening toada Eu Vou Levantar Bandeira at MestreAmaral centre1July2015. Complete named toada, distinct from26March recording. Source: Thyago Bezerra. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="rh5-kFo-XMM" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="rh5-kFo-XMM" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="rh5-kFo-XMM" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula de Mestre Basílio || Tambor de Crioula de Mestre Basílio || https://www.youtube.com/embed/1jl5m7w2JW8 || Cultura Popular do Maranhão identifies actual Mestre Basílio group presentation at Casa do Tambor; individual current singers unknown. Source: Cultura Popular do Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2020-01-30; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jl5m7w2JW8 Tambor de Crioula de Mestre Basílio].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jl5m7w2JW8 Recording/context source] || Cultura Popular do Maranhão identifies actual Mestre Basílio group presentation at Casa do Tambor; individual current singers unknown. Source: Cultura Popular do Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="1jl5m7w2JW8" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="1jl5m7w2JW8" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="1jl5m7w2JW8" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Maracrioula || Tambor de Crioula Maracrioula || https://www.youtube.com/embed/4jrEX-viyXs || Cultural publisher identifies Casa do Tambor presentation; different event context from2026 IPEM programme, no assumed session date from upload. Source: Cultura Popular do Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2020-02-14; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jrEX-viyXs Tambor de Crioula Maracrioula].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jrEX-viyXs Recording/context source] || Cultural publisher identifies Casa do Tambor presentation; different event context from2026 IPEM programme, no assumed session date from upload. Source: Cultura Popular do Maranhão. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="4jrEX-viyXs" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="4jrEX-viyXs" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="4jrEX-viyXs" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos || Tambor De Crioula No Festejo De São Benedito Da Casa Do Forno Em Marengo Santa Rita Maranhão! || https://www.youtube.com/embed/xKVAgmmR1i0 || Primary group publishes musical performance at São Benedito festivities, Casa do Forno, Marengo/Santa Rita. Group musicians distinguished from ritual host community. Source: Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-05-06; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKVAgmmR1i0 Tambor De Crioula No Festejo De São Benedito Da Casa Do Forno Em Marengo Santa Rita Maranhão!].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKVAgmmR1i0 Recording/context source] || Primary group publishes musical performance at São Benedito festivities, Casa do Forno, Marengo/Santa Rita. Group musicians distinguished from ritual host community. Source: Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="xKVAgmmR1i0" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="xKVAgmmR1i0" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="xKVAgmmR1i0" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos || Tambor de Crioula  Santa Rosa dos Pretos - Assista conosco! || https://www.youtube.com/embed/tBKYndKz0sM || Primary group publishes another focused musical presentation. Original date and individual voices remain unknown rather than guessed. Source: Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2026-05-07; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBKYndKz0sM Tambor de Crioula  Santa Rosa dos Pretos - Assista conosco!].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBKYndKz0sM Recording/context source] || Primary group publishes another focused musical presentation. Original date and individual voices remain unknown rather than guessed. Source: Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="tBKYndKz0sM" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="tBKYndKz0sM" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="tBKYndKz0sM" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos || Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos - julho de 2017 || https://www.youtube.com/embed/mhRZs48MeSo || Source identifies São João Me Deu Uma Guia roda after Divino mast descent in July2017. Different dated community performance, no fragment-parent duplicate. Source: juliana loureiro. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2020-08-20; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhRZs48MeSo Tambor de Crioula de Santa Rosa dos Pretos - julho de 2017].</ref> || traditional || unknown || 2017-07 || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhRZs48MeSo Recording/context source] || Source identifies São João Me Deu Uma Guia roda after Divino mast descent in July2017. Different dated community performance, no fragment-parent duplicate. Source: juliana loureiro. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="mhRZs48MeSo" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="mhRZs48MeSo" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="mhRZs48MeSo" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Estrela de Luz || SÃO LUÍS CULTURAL - Tambor de Crioula Estrela de Luz || https://www.youtube.com/embed/LTVWb3jTtMw || São Luís Cultural focused Estrela de Luz presentation, actual named collective. LeiAldirBlanc funding/publisher credit does not name a lead musician. Source: Jean Carlos Films. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2021-11-15; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTVWb3jTtMw SÃO LUÍS CULTURAL - Tambor de Crioula Estrela de Luz].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTVWb3jTtMw Recording/context source] || São Luís Cultural focused Estrela de Luz presentation, actual named collective. LeiAldirBlanc funding/publisher credit does not name a lead musician. Source: Jean Carlos Films. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="LTVWb3jTtMw" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="LTVWb3jTtMw" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="LTVWb3jTtMw" field="authentic" />
|-
| Tambor de Crioula Brilho da União da Mauro Fecury 1 || Apresentação do Tambor de Crioula Brilho da União na Vila Gracinha. || https://www.youtube.com/embed/Jap7WqLEGrM || Primary group publishes VilaGracinha performance, with its own specific MauroFecury identity rather than conflating all Brilho da União groups. Source: Tambor de Crioula Brilho da União da Mauro Fecury 1. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. Video publication: 2023-02-08; original-release and performance dates are separate. Advancing embedded playback checked 22 October 2026.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jap7WqLEGrM Apresentação do Tambor de Crioula Brilho da União na Vila Gracinha.].</ref> || traditional || unknown || unknown || live || unknown || country:Brazil || supported || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jap7WqLEGrM Recording/context source] || Primary group publishes VilaGracinha performance, with its own specific MauroFecury identity rather than conflating all Brilho da União groups. Source: Tambor de Crioula Brilho da União da Mauro Fecury 1. Video publication is separate from original/session date; unknown dates retained. || <muglobe-flag video="Jap7WqLEGrM" field="muglobeFavorite" /> || <muglobe-flag video="Jap7WqLEGrM" field="currentHit" /> || <muglobe-flag video="Jap7WqLEGrM" field="authentic" />
|}

== Related genres ==
Bumba-meu-boi shares Maranhão’s festive world and sometimes participants, but its dramatic organisation, instrumental sotaques and annual cycle differ. Tambor de mina belongs to another religious practice and should not be confused through the shared word tambor. Jongo, coco and samba de roda offer meaningful Afro-Brazilian comparisons in circle, response and bodily exchange while retaining distinct local histories. Pop recordings may borrow toadas or percussion textures. Such adaptations reveal influence; they do not replace community performance as the best way to understand how this music works.

=== References and further reading ===
<references />

* [https://www.gov.br/iphan/pt-br/superintendencias/maranhao/patrimonio-imaterial Patrimônio Imaterial: Maranhão — Iphan]

== Hotspot mushrooms ==
The old São Luís/Alcântara/Rosário inventory samples a broad Maranhão practice. A northern heartland and interior continuation keep countryside and migration visible without national homogenisation.

These fields are editorial illustrations of musical affinity and cultural reach, not listener statistics. Radius marks the zero edge of the fade; overlapping fields of this genre combine by maximum.

{| class="wikitable muglobe-hotspots"
|+ MuGlobe hotspot mushrooms
! ID !! Location !! Latitude !! Longitude !! Radius (km) !! Strength !! Notes

|-
| tambor-de-crioula-north-maranhao || Northern Maranhão, São Luís and Baixada tambor communities || -3.4 || -44.7 || 650 || 1 || Dense interconnected urban/rural Black community landscape.

|-
| tambor-de-crioula-interior || Maranhão interior tambor continuation || -5.4 || -45.3 || 850 || 0.63 || Wider documented state practice and migration ties, fading beyond the core.

|}